雅思的大作文相信是不少学生的心头恨，常年的练习常常感觉抓不到重点，分数始终无法实现质的飞跃。其实，任何一篇议论文要素都在于三点：论点，论据，和论证。论点的确定只要围绕作文题目来自己选择方向就好，那么，论据的选择和强有力的语言论证，无疑就是作文取胜的关键所在了。
今天笔者主要分析论据的选择和阐述，为大家附上写好的论据阐述供大家借鉴。
如何让例子变的靠谱，在于“一个前提两个关键”：
保证例子真实性的前提下，关键还在于它的：普及性和说服力。
首先保证例子的真实性。这一点其实常常为人忽视，因为我们经常可以看到议论文里以小说中的人物和事迹来佐证自己的论点，却仍能得到大家的一片认同和叫好声。例如拿鲁迅先生笔下的阿Q来佐证当时黑暗社会下人性的问题，又例如拿武侠小说中各种惩恶扬善的故事来佐证“善有善报，恶有恶报”的观点，等等等等。这些有趣的、为人熟知的故事，如果能用来做文章的开头来引入正题常常起到好的效果，但是放在正文中堂而皇之的做为“例证”是并不合适的。
因此，笔者建议大家，一定要使用非杜撰、为绝大部分人所认可的事实来做例子。
在此基础上，找例子还要注意它的普及性和说服力。
举个例子来说，你想要证明一个企业 “ defected services cause unpleasant result ”，我们看下面两个例证：
The largest snack company in our city, Kadbelly, was reported by newspapers to have used out-of-date ingredients in production. After the report, great concern in food safety is aroused and the company’s sales dropped by 40%.
Japan’s Mitsubishi Motors had concealed significant defects in the break system of Pajero, one of the company’s major products, before apologized to public. Hundreds of car accidents were directly caused by the break error. Thus, the company suffered a great goods return, losing not only the market share but also the confidence of consumers.
哪一个说服力更强呢？很明显是后者，因为日本的三菱公司有着全世界的知名度，而这一曾经的“丑闻”也为世界多家媒体报道揭露，有着较高的“普遍性”和较强的“说服力”；而第一个例子，并没有人知道你当地的小公司“Kadbelly”是什么，它本身利润怎么样、出事后的“unpleasant result”有多大影响，难以产生读者的共鸣，自然就很难取得论证的目的。
除了以上三点之外，还有一个实用的tip要跟大家分享，那就是例子的灵活运用。一个例子本身是客观的事实，如何让它来佐证你主观的论点，是一个有技巧的事情。
还是拿那个Mitsubishi Company为例，我们看这个例子：
Japan’s Mitsubishi Company, used to recall about half a million vehicles from the market. They also apologised to the public for covering up twenty six known defects from regulators for years.
这是一个非常灵活的例子，可以用来为不同的观点服务：
如果你想论证企业不应为眼前的利益而忽略长远的诚信原则，你可以用这个做反面例子：
Successful as Japan’s Mitsubishi Company’s might be, any action that could affect the company’s long-term reputation and brand name shall not be considered. In 2004, the company used to recall about half a million vehicles from the market. They also apologized to the public for covering up twenty six known defects from regulators for years. This had a great negative effect on its business and directly results in great fall of sales and profits.
如果你想论证企业如果能及时认识错误，主动向公众坦白并作出相应补偿，这样的态度才能得到成功，你可以用它做正面例子：
In 2004, Japan’s Mitsubishi Company, used to recall about half a million vehicles from the market. They also apologized to the public for covering up twenty six known defects from regulators for years. Unlike many other companies who would not admit their faults and caused great loss for its users, Mitsubishi undoubtedly has a preferable attitude and method in dealing with mistakes. Although a short-term fall in profit is unavoidable, its attitude in business won potential customers and thus survived the fierce competition in automobile market.
好了，说了这么多，都不如给一些实际的、可以直接用的例子更有用。
Success
Bill Gates：成功可以另辟蹊径，学习并不是人生的全部
When Bill Gates made his decision to drop out from Harvard, he did not care too much of the result. Gates entered Harvard in 1973, and dropped out two years later when he and Allen started the engine of Microsoft. Many people did not understand why Gates gave up such a good opportunity to study in the world’s No.1 University. However, with size comes power, Microsoft dominates the PC market with its operating systems, such as MS-DOS and Windows. Now, Microsoft becomes the biggest software company in the world and Bill Gates becomes the richest man in the world.
Edison：发明家爱迪生的例子小学生也知道，有人问他如何评价自己在找到最合适的灯芯钨丝之前的无数次失败？他说：我并没有失败，这只是试验成功之前所经历的九百九十九个步骤而已。
We can learn from the experience of the great inventor Thomas Alva Edison that sometimes a series of apparent failures is really a precursor to success. The voluminous personal papers of Edison reveal that his inventions typically did not spring to life in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly from previous woks.
Mother Teresa ：成功并不是一定要用金钱衡量，而是“把有限的人生投入到无限的为人类解放事业斗争中去”。
Mother Teresa, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, dedicated the majority of her life to helping the poorest of the poor in India, thus gaining her the name “Saint of the Gutters.” The devotion towards the poor won her respect throughout the world and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. She founded an order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India dedicated to serving the poor. Almost 50 years later, the Missionaries of Charity have grown from 12 sisters in India to over 3,000 in 517 missions throughout 100 countries worldwide.
Lady Diana Spencer, Princess of Whales, is remembered and respected by people all over the world more for her beauty, kindness, humanity and charitable activities than for her technical skills.
Mandela：南非总统曼德拉的逝世，全世界都在哀悼。而你，还在分不清他和摩根弗里曼吗？
Mandela, the South African black political leader and former president, was awarded 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to antiracism and antiapartheid. Nelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time: an international hero whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his country. Since his triumphant release in 1990 from more than a quarter-century of imprisonment, Mandela has been at the centre of the most compelling and inspiring political drama in the world. As president of the African National Congress and head of South Africa’s antiapartheid movement, he was instrumental in moving the nation toward multiracial government and majority rule. He is revered everywhere as a vital force in the fight for human rights and racial equality.
Beethoven：艺术届的里程碑式人物贝多芬，你我再熟悉不过的人物。
Beethoven, the German Composer, began to lose his hearing in 1801 and was entirely deaf by 1819. However, this obstacle could not keep him from becoming one of the most famous and prolific composers in art history. His music, including 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, several senates and so on, formes a transition from classical to romantic composition.
Individual, Companies,Leadership and Internal control
Barings Bank：学过金融的学生对巴林银行的破产不会陌生，即使非金融专门人士在当年也无不震惊。
Mr. Lesson was accused of losing 1.3 billon dollars as a result of a risky derivative investment with the potential of a 27-billon gain. The collapse of Barings Bank in 1995 has been one of the most spectacular events in the banking world in recent years. Banks solvency and liquidity can be significantly threatened if speculative trading in financial derivatives is guided by a lack of adequate internal and external controls. There is evidence that such reasons are responsible for the failure of Barings in February 1995.
Yahoo：雅虎的员工激励政策如何帮助它称霸网络界
Recently, many multi-national companies, such as Cisco and Yahoo, stimulate the employees’ morale by offering stock options to their employees. Stock option provides a chance for employees to become the shareholders of the company. As the result, the interest and profit of the company is tightly connected with the employees’ interest and income.
Bayer， Mitsubishi Motors ，Henry Ford：企业的长期发展和眼前利益如何取舍，是雅思考官青睐的考题：
Bayer, one of the largest pharmaceutic companies in the world, announced that the company would cease production of one of its major products, because of the hazardous ingredients it contained. By doing so, the company suffers great loss on profitability, but gains strong public support and understanding, which can contribute to the long-term success of the company.
Mitsubishi Motors had concealed significant defects in the break system of Pajero, one of the company’s major products, before apologized to public. Hundreds of car accidents were directly caused by the break error. Thus, the company suffered a great goods return, losing not only the market share but also the confidence of consumers.
Henry Ford’s factory was so efficient that by 1926 a new “model-T” cost only $310, one-third the price of the original 1908 model.
Toshiba：企业的经营需要有原则！
Discriminating services may cause misunderstanding and unpleasant result. The best example is Toshiba, one of the largest Japanese companies. In 2000, the Company announced that among notebook computers it produced, one model had serious defect. Users in North America could choose either replacements with an upgraded model or full refund. However, no such offer for users in China. Chinese users were outrage at the company’s discrimination and refused to use any of Toshiba’s notebook computers. What the company lost is not only the temporary revenue but also the consumer’s confidence, which contribute to the long-term success of the company.
Architecture
Potala Palace：布达拉宫，很多人去过但是并不了解，更没想到如何把它用在作文里
The Potala Palace is Tibet’s cardinal landmark and a structure that deserves a place as one of the wonders of eastern architecture. The Potala palace was built by Songtsen Gampo, the first king of Tibet, in the 7th century. The roof and many other parts of the Palace were decorated by pure gold, which was contributed by the Buddhist in Tibet. Since its construction, the Potala Palace has been the home of each successive Dalai Lamas, the religious leader of Tibet. This building dedicates not only to religious belief but also to the accommodation place—over a thousand Lamas live in it today. Shaped by the people of Tibet, the Potala Palace has a far-reaching influence on the Tibetan’s religion as well as every day lives.
Bank of China Tower：香港的中银大厦，听上去就高大上；如果你能写出更有信息、更能佐证观点的内容，就能成为作文的一大亮点，比如这样：
Besides religious impact, buildings represent our intellectual and business behavior. Take Bank of China Tower as an example. It is located at No. 1 Garden Road, central Hong Kong. The tower itself is 315 meters high, and the unique style and spectacular appearance has made it one of the most distinguished buildings in the world. The BOC tower is a masterpiece of the world famous American-Chinese architect Mr. I.M.Pei. The inspiration of the design is derived from the elegant poise of bamboo. Now, the BOC tower is a symbolic of strength, vitality and growth, representing also the Bank’s commitment to the rapid development of Hong Kong and to servicing the community. The BOC tower has not only recorded a glorious page in the construction history of Hong Kong but also highlighted the new phases of expansion in Hong Kong.
Energy
OPEC: 石油输出国组织OPEC永远是世界能源问题的焦点之一。如何妥善利用能源？能源与经济如何权衡保证可持续发展？国际政治如何被能源掌控、如何受能源组织影响？OPEC将是此类议论文最能获得共鸣的例证。
OPEC is one of the best examples. OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, is an international organization of eleven developing countries that are heavily reliant on oil revenues as their main source of income. Since oil revenues are so vital for the economic development of these nations, they aim to bring stability and harmony to the oil market by adjusting their oil output to help ensure a balance between supply and demand. In the long run, the stabilized out-put help to cease the problem of over-refining and over utilization of oil energy.
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